n.亲核体；亲核试剂

A nucleophile is an atom or molecule that donates an electron pair to form a chemical bond.
翻译：亲核试剂是一种能够提供一对电子以形成化学键的原子或分子。
Nucleophiles typically have a negative charge or an unshared pair of electrons, making them highly reactive.
翻译：亲核试剂通常带有负电荷或拥有一对未共享电子，因此具有高度反应性。
In SN2 reactions, the nucleophile attacks from the backside of the substrate to replace the leaving group.
翻译：在SN2反应中，亲核试剂从底物的背面攻击并取代离去基团。
The strength of a nucleophile is influenced by its size and electronegativity.
翻译：亲核试剂的强度受到其大小和电负性的影响。
Hydroxide ion (OH-) is a strong nucleophile in aqueous solutions.
翻译：氢氧根离子（OH-）在水溶液中是一种强亲核试剂。
Alkoxide ions are excellent nucleophiles due to their high affinity for protons.
翻译：由于对质子有很高的亲和力，醇盐离子是优秀的亲核试剂。
Amines can act as nucleophiles in substitution reactions with alkyl halides.
翻译：胺类可以在与卤代烷的取代反应中作为亲核试剂。
Sulfur-based nucleophiles, such as thiols, participate in various biological processes.
翻译：硫基亲核试剂，如硫醇，参与各种生物过程。
Phosphate groups often function as nucleophiles in phosphorylation reactions within cells.
翻译：磷酸盐基团经常在细胞内的磷酸化反应中充当亲核试剂。
The rate of a reaction involving a nucleophile increases with increasing concentration of the nucleophile.
翻译：涉及亲核试剂的反应速率随着亲核试剂浓度的增加而增加。