n.微观经济学

原形：microeconomics复数：microeconomics

Microeconomics focuses on the behavior of individual consumers and firms in making decisions about production, consumption, and allocation of resources.
微观经济学关注的是个体消费者和企业如何在生产、消费和资源分配上做出决策。
The demand curve shows how much of a good consumers are willing to buy at different prices in a given market.
需求曲线显示了在某一市场中，消费者愿意在不同价格下购买多少该商品。
Supply and demand determine the equilibrium price and quantity in a competitive market.
供给与需求决定了竞争市场中的均衡价格和数量。
A monopolist has market power because it controls a significant portion of the market and faces no close substitutes.
垄断者拥有市场权力，因为他们控制着市场的很大一部分，没有近似的替代品。
Elasticity measures how responsive the quantity demanded is to a change in price.
弹性衡量的是需求量对价格变化的敏感度。
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative forgone when making a decision.
机会成本是做决策时放弃的最好替代选择的价值。
In a perfectly competitive market, firms are price-takers and have no control over the market price.
在完全竞争市场中，企业是价格接受者，无法控制市场价格。
Monopoly profits arise when a single firm can charge a higher price than marginal cost due to lack of competition.
垄断利润产生于单一企业因缺乏竞争而能够收取高于边际成本的价格。
Consumer surplus represents the difference between what consumers are willing to pay and what they actually pay for a good or service.
消费者剩余表示消费者愿意支付的价格与实际支付价格之间的差额。
The law of diminishing marginal returns states that as a firm increases its usage of a variable input, eventually the additional output will decrease.
边际报酬递减法则表明，随着企业增加可变投入的使用，最终额外产出会减少。