四级But because it's all digital it eliminates the used book market and eliminates any sharing and because homework and tests are through an access code, it eliminates any ability to opt out.

但因为它是全数字的，它消除了二手书市场，消除了任何共享，因为作业和测试都是通过访问代码进行的，所以它消除了任何选择退出的能力。

2018年6月四级真题（第三套）阅读 Section B

六级Migrants to cities are attracted by plentiful jobs, access to hospitals and education, and the ability to escape the boredom of a farmer's agricultural life.

大量的工作、医院和教育，以及摆脱农民农业生活无聊的能力吸引着移民到城市。

2013年6月阅读原文

高考Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories; that is, people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date.

相反，计算机用户正在开发更强的交互记忆；也就是说，人们正在学习如何组织大量信息，以便日后能够访问这些信息。

2015年高考英语安徽卷 阅读理解 阅读C 原文

六级Perhaps you're bringing your unique knowledge and gaining access to someone else's professional network, or Maybe you're able to learn a new skill by working with someone.

也许你带来了你独特的知识，并获得了其他人的专业网络，或者你能够通过与他人合作学习新技能。

2019年12月六级真题（第一套）听力 Section C

考研The fact that this is not an uncommon occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and steal from someone else's accounts.

事实上，这种情况并不罕见，这意味着不诚实的人可能能够访问电子支付系统中的银行账户，并从其他人的账户中窃取。

2013年考研真题（英语二）完形填空 Section Ⅰ

考研There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.

有人担心政府、雇主和营销人员可能会访问这些数据，从而侵犯我们的隐私。

2013年考研真题（英语二）完形填空 Section Ⅰ

考研We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information stored there.

我们经常听到媒体报道说，一名未经授权的黑客能够访问计算机数据库并更改存储在那里的信息。

2013年考研真题（英语二）完形填空 Section Ⅰ

考研It can't when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius.

当更多的雇主有更多的机会获得高于平均水平的廉价外国劳动力、廉价机器人、廉价软件、廉价自动化和廉价天才时，这是不可能的。

2013年考研真题（英语二）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ

四级A US study suggested that when a school gave children access to a natural environment, academic levels were raised across the entire school.

美国的一项研究表明，当一所学校让孩子们进入自然环境时，整个学校的学习水平都会提高。

2010年12月阅读原文

六级Students in university towns may also have access to another lever for involvement in accelerated math: math circles.

大学城的学生也可以利用另一个杠杆参与加速数学：数学圈。

2017年6月阅读原文

六级Although many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science, most are reluctant to post the results of their own labors online.

尽管许多研究人员普遍认为，公开获取原始数据将加速科学发展，但大多数研究人员不愿意将自己的研究成果发布到网上。

2017年6月阅读原文

考研But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.

但它这样做的同时，对他的行为的道德准则嗤之以鼻，其中包括接受一家寻求进入政府的公司赠送的劳力士手表和法拉利汽车等礼物。

2017年考研阅读原文

高考Depending on which role you choose, you could help to increase a community's access to safe drinking water, or help to protect valuable local cultures.

根据你选择的角色，你可以帮助增加社区获得安全饮用水的机会，或者帮助保护有价值的当地文化。

2019年高考英语北京卷 阅读理解 阅读A 原文

高考Designers have also created informal gathering places, and upgraded employees' access to heavily trafficked areas such as copy and coffee rooms.

设计师们还创造了非正式的聚会场所，并提升了员工进入复印室和咖啡室等人流密集区域的通道。

2015年高考英语上海卷 选词填空 原文

高考It was really annoying; I couldn't get access to the data bank you had recommended.

这真的很烦人；我无法访问您推荐的数据库。

2016年高考英语天津卷 单项填空 原文

高考One crucial factor is secure access to land.

一个关键因素是获得土地的安全。

2018年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 阅读C 原文

高考People have better access to health care than they used to, and they're living longer as a result.

人们比过去更容易获得医疗保健，因此他们活得更长。

2017年高考英语北京卷 单项填空 原文

高考Some also contain cd-roms and access to special online features.

有些还包含cd-ROM和特殊的在线功能。

2015年高考英语湖南卷 任务型读写 原文

高考Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment.

因此，我被允许进入他们的生活环境。

2016年高考英语四川卷 阅读理解 阅读C 原文

高考Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.

因此，键盘可以确定人们的身份，进而决定是否应该让他们访问与其连接的计算机，而不管是否有人获得了正确的密码。

2019年高考英语全国卷I 阅读理解 阅读C 原文

高考We need a better way to access information.

我们需要一种更好的方式来获取信息。

2015年高考英语安徽卷 阅读理解 阅读C 选项

四级This process improves access to relevant information, without old memories interfering.

这一过程改善了对相关信息的访问，而不会受到旧内存的干扰。

2017年6月阅读原文

四级It facilitates our access to relevant information.

它有助于我们获取相关信息。

2017年6月阅读原文

四级However, he'll need to do so without tripping the anti-jamming system, the details of which he almost certainly does not have access to.

然而，他需要在不破坏抗干扰系统的情况下这样做，而他几乎肯定无法接触到抗干扰系统的细节。

2016年12月阅读原文

四级Laws can restrict or ban voting, access to public housing, and professional and business licensing.

法律可以限制或禁止投票、进入公共住房以及职业和商业许可。

2015年12月阅读原文

四级As advocates of the sharing economy like to put it, access trumps ( 胜过) ownership.

正如共享经济的倡导者们喜欢说的那样，访问权胜过了胜过) 所有权。

2013年12月阅读原文

四级That means users have access to notes from not only their classmates and Facebook friends, but anyone who purchased the book across the country.

这意味着用户不仅可以访问他们的同学和Facebook朋友的笔记，还可以访问全国各地购买该书的任何人的笔记。

2013年6月阅读原文

四级Many policy measures to control obesity（肥胖症）assume that people consciously and rationally choose what and how much they eat and therefore focus on providing information and more access to healthier foods," note the two researchers

许多控制肥胖的政策措施(肥胖症）假设人们有意识地、理性地选择他们吃什么和吃多少，从而专注于提供信息和更多获得更健康食物的途径，”两位研究人员指出

2013年6月阅读原文

四级Easy access leads to customers' over-consumption.

容易获取导致客户过度消费。

2013年6月阅读原文

四级Yet he also empowered millions of people by giving them access to cutting-edge technology.

然而，他也通过让数百万人获得尖端技术而赋予他们权力。

2012年12月阅读原文

四级The life of old people is measurably better when they have access to nature

当老年人能够接触大自然时，他们的生活会明显改善

2010年12月阅读原文

四级More access to nature makes children less likely to fall ill.

更多地接触大自然可以减少儿童生病的可能性。

2010年12月阅读原文

四级access to nature contributes to the reduction of violence

接触大自然有助于减少暴力

2010年12月阅读原文

四级He cannot get access to the assigned book.

他无法访问指定的书籍。

2010年6月听力原文

四级A 20-year-old junior at Georgia Southern University told BuzzFeed News that she normally spends $500-600 on access codes for class.

佐治亚州南部大学一名20岁的大三学生告诉BuzzFeed新闻，她通常花500-600美元在课堂密码上。

2018年6月四级真题（第三套）阅读 Section B

四级A business professor says that a future city should have easy access to international transportation.

一位商学教授说，未来的城市应该能够方便地使用国际交通工具。

2019年12月四级真题（第一套）阅读 Section B

四级As universities go digital, students are complaining of a new hit to their finances that's replacing—and sometimes joining—expensive textbooks: pricey online access codes that are required to complete coursework and submit assignments.

随着大学走向数字化，学生们抱怨他们的财务状况受到了新的冲击，这种冲击正在取代昂贵的教科书，有时还会加入昂贵的教科书：完成课程和提交作业所需的昂贵的在线访问代码。

2018年6月四级真题（第三套）阅读 Section B

四级But critics say the digital access codes represent the same profit-seeking ethos (观念) of the textbook business, and are even harder for students to opt out of.

但批评人士说，数字接入码代表着同样的营利精神(观念) 而对于学生来说，选择退出就更难了。

2018年6月四级真题（第三套）阅读 Section B

四级But the code to access the program cost $120—a big sum for Harper, who had already put down $450 for textbooks, and had rent day approaching.

但是访问该项目的代码花费了120美元——这对哈珀来说是一笔大数目，他已经为教科书支付了450美元，而且租赁日即将到来。

2018年6月四级真题（第三套）阅读 Section B

四级David Hunt, an associate professor in sociology at Augusta University, which has rolled out digital textbooks across its math and psychology departments, told BuzzFeed News that he understands the utility of using systems that require access codes.

奥古斯塔大学（Augusta University）社会学副教授大卫·亨特（David Hunt）在其数学和心理学系推出了数字教科书。他告诉BuzzFeed News，他理解使用需要访问码的系统的效用。

2018年6月四级真题（第三套）阅读 Section B

四级Digital learning systems now charge students for access codes needed to complete coursework, take quizzes, and turn in homework.

数字学习系统现在向学生收取完成课程、参加测验和交作业所需的密码费用。

2018年6月四级真题（第三套）阅读 Section B

四级However, online CBT programs have been gaining popularity, with the attraction of providing low-cost help wherever someone has access to a computer.

然而，在线CBT项目越来越受欢迎，只要有人可以使用计算机，就可以提供低成本的帮助。

2019年6月四级真题（第三套）阅读 Section C

四级Many of the access codes he's purchased have been required simply to complete homework or quizzes.

他购买的许多密码仅仅是为了完成家庭作业或测验。

2018年6月四级真题（第三套）阅读 Section B

四级One vision of the perfect city of the future: a place that offers easy access to air travel.

未来完美城市的一个愿景：一个提供便捷航空旅行的地方。

2019年12月四级真题（第一套）阅读 Section B

四级The New York State parks system wants to turn off the falls on the American side some time in the next two to three years to replace two 115-year-old stone bridges that allow pedestrians, park vehicles and utilities access to Goat Island.

纽约州公园系统希望在未来两三年内的某个时候关闭美国一侧的瀑布，以取代两座有115年历史的石桥，这座石桥允许行人、公园车辆和公用设施进入山羊岛。

2016年12月四级真题（第二套）听力

六级Some communities have agreed to share online—geneticists, for example, post DNA sequences at the GenBank repository ( ' , 库), and astronomers are accustomed to accessing images of galaxies and stars from, say, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a telescope that has observed some 500 million objects—but these remain the exception, not the rule.

一些社区已经同意共享在线遗传学家，例如，在GenBank存储库（“，库), 天文学家习惯于从斯隆数字巡天望远镜（Sloan Digital Sky Survey）获取星系和恒星的图像。斯隆数字巡天望远镜已观测到约5亿个天体，但这些仍然是例外，而不是规则。

2017年6月阅读原文

六级Math circles provide students with access to advanced-math training by university professors.

数学圈为学生提供大学教授提供的高等数学培训。

2017年6月阅读原文

六级If you look at a lot of low-income communities in the United States, there are programs that are serving them, but they're primarily centered around ‘Let's get these kids' grades up,' and not around ‘Let's get these kids access to the same kinds of opportunities as more-affluent kids,' said Daniel Zaharopol, the founder and executive director of the program.

丹尼尔·扎哈罗波尔（Daniel Zaharopol）说，如果你看看美国的许多低收入社区，都有为他们服务的项目，但这些项目主要围绕着“让这些孩子的成绩提高”，而不是围绕着“让这些孩子获得与更富裕的孩子同样的机会”，该计划的创始人和执行董事。

2017年6月阅读原文

六级To get access to millions of new customers, insurers would have a strong incentive to sell on the exchange.

为了获得数以百万计的新客户，保险公司将有强烈的动机在交易所进行销售。

2016年6月阅读原文

六级Today's battery breakthroughs come as the world looks to expand modern energy access to the billion or so people without it, while also cutting back on fuels that warm the planet.

今天的电池突破是在全世界都在寻求将现代能源的使用范围扩大到十几亿没有电池的人的时候出现的，同时也在减少使地球变暖的燃料。

2016年12月阅读原文

六级I was lucky to be at the technology conference then, and I had access to 3D printers.

当时我很幸运能参加技术会议，而且我可以使用3D打印机。

2016年12月听力原文

六级Students are placed in small groups with counselors ( ' , trained seniors on campus); they have access to cultural and ethnic affinity ( ' , 联 系 ) groups, tutoring centers and also have a summer orientation specifically for first-generation students ( ' , the latter being one of the most common programs for students).

学生们被安排在有辅导员的小组中（’，在校园里接受过培训的高年级学生）；他们具有文化和种族亲和力（“，联 系 ) 团体、辅导中心和学校也有专门针对第一代学生的暑期定向课程（后者是学生最常见的课程之一）。

2015年12月阅读原文

六级Newsweek ranked 165 countries, looking at five areas that affect women's lives; treatment under the law, workforce participation, political power, and access to education and health care.

《新闻周刊》对165个国家进行了排名，考察了影响妇女生活的五个方面；法律规定的待遇、劳动力参与、政治权力以及接受教育和医疗的机会。

2013年12月阅读原文

六级There's a stimulative effect that kicks in when women have greater access to jobs and the economic lives of our countries: Greater political stability

当妇女有更多的机会获得工作和我们国家的经济生活时，就会产生一种促进作用：更大的政治稳定

2013年12月阅读原文

六级Allow women access to education.

允许妇女接受教育。

2013年12月阅读原文

六级Cell phones provide instant access to people

手机为人们提供即时访问

2013年12月阅读原文

六级People who do not have access to a good listener may not only be denied the opportunity to heighten their self-awareness, but they are also denied valuable feedback as to the validity and acceptability of their inner thoughts and feelings.

无法接触到好的倾听者的人可能不仅被剥夺了提高自我意识的机会，而且还被剥夺了关于其内心想法和感受的有效性和可接受性的宝贵反馈。

2012年12月阅读原文

六级There is no access to television in its rooms

房间里没有电视

2012年12月阅读原文

六级More poor and non-white students will be denied access to college.

更多的贫困和非白人学生将被拒绝上大学。

2011年6月阅读原文

六级That conclusion was reinforced by another finding: that their opposition appeared to soften when that fiscal burden decreased, as occurred with welfare reform in the 1990s, which curbed immigrants' access to certain benefits

这一结论得到了另一项研究结果的支持：当财政负担减轻时，他们的反对似乎有所软化，就像20世纪90年代的福利改革一样，福利改革限制了移民获得某些福利

2011年6月阅读原文

六级They can access all kinds of public services.

他们可以获得各种公共服务。

2011年6月阅读原文

六级It's a complex system wherein data is copied to multiple intermediate devices, usually to speed up access to files when millions of people are trying to access the service at the same time.

这是一个复杂的系统，其中数据被复制到多个中间设备，通常是为了在数百万人试图同时访问服务时加快对文件的访问。

2010年12月听力原文

六级"If you look at a lot of low-income communities in the United States, there are programs that are serving them, but they're primarily centered around ‘Let's get these kids' grades up,' and not around ‘Let's get these kids access to the same kinds of oppor

“如果你看看美国的许多低收入社区，有一些项目是为他们服务的，但它们主要围绕‘让我们让这些孩子的成绩提高’，而不是‘让这些孩子获得同样的机会’

2017年6月六级真题（第三套）阅读 Section B

六级Access to foot traffic and proximity to transit allow the type of entertainment-oriented businesses such as bars and restaurants to stay open later, which attracts both younger, creative workers and baby boomers nearing retirement alike.

步行交通便利，交通便利，酒吧和餐厅等娱乐型企业可以推迟营业时间，这既吸引了年轻的创意工作者，也吸引了即将退休的婴儿潮一代。

2017年12月六级真题（第一套）阅读 Section C

六级And about 200 to 215 million women don't have access to birth control they want, so that they can't control their own fertility.

大约有2亿到2.15亿妇女无法获得她们想要的节育手段，因此她们无法控制自己的生育能力。

2017年6月六级真题（第二套）听力 Section C

六级Apple's stance on these issues emerged post-Snowden, when the company started putting in place a series of technologies that, by default, make use of encryption to limit access to people's data.

苹果在这些问题上的立场出现在斯诺登之后，当时该公司开始实施一系列技术，默认情况下，这些技术利用加密来限制人们对数据的访问。

2017年12月六级真题（第三套）阅读 Section B

六级As Apple and several security experts have argued, an order compelling Apple to write software that gives the Fbi access to the iPhone in question would establish an unsettling precedent.

正如苹果公司和几位安全专家所指出的那样，一项命令迫使苹果公司编写软件，让联邦调查局能够访问相关的iPhone，将开创一个令人不安的先例。

2017年12月六级真题（第三套）阅读 Section B

六级CubeSat researchers suggest that now's the time to ponder unexpected and unintended possible consequences of more people than ever having access to their own small slice of space.

CubeSat的研究人员认为，现在是时候考虑一下比以往任何时候都更多的人能够进入他们自己的一小块空间所带来的意想不到的后果了。

2019年6月六级真题（第三套）阅读 Section B

六级Ego aside, a third advantage is that the emotional neutrality of indifferent relationships has been found to enhance critical evaluation, to strengthen one's focus on task resolution, and to gain greater access to valuable information.

撇开自我不谈，第三个优势是，冷漠关系的情感中立性被发现可以增强批判性评价，加强对任务解决的关注，并获得更多有价值的信息。

2019年6月六级真题（第三套）阅读 Section C

六级For example, they may have access to drinking water, but not clean safe drinking water.

例如，他们可以获得饮用水，但不能获得清洁安全的饮用水。

2017年6月六级真题（第一套）听力 Section C

六级Hobbyists and students are gaining access to technologies without being part of a long-standing amateur establishment.

业余爱好者和学生正在获得技术，而不是长期业余机构的一部分。

2019年6月六级真题（第三套）阅读 Section B

六级I think it's a problem because you're not giving equal access to education to everybody.

我认为这是一个问题，因为你没有给每个人平等的受教育机会。

2016年6月六级真题（第二套）听力 Section A

六级In the United States, up to forty percent of all food goes uneaten, despite the fact that one in seven American households lacks regular access to good food.

在美国，高达百分之四十的食物没有食用，尽管事实上七分之一的美国家庭无法定期获得优质食物。

2017年12月六级真题（第一套）听力 Section A

六级It follows a specific individual, such as a doctor or nurse, who can use it to record and access patient data.

它跟踪特定的个人，如医生或护士，他们可以使用它记录和访问患者数据。

2018年12月六级真题（第二套）阅读 Section C

六级king penguins are the second-largest type of penguin and only breed on specific isolated islands in the Southern Ocean where there is no ice cover and easy access to the sea.

王企鹅是企鹅的第二大种类，只在南大洋特定的孤岛上繁殖，那里没有冰层，很容易进入大海。

2019年12月六级真题（第三套）阅读 Section C

六级Let's face it, it wasn't too long ago that the idea of working from anywhere and at anytime was some form of a distant utopian dream,and yet now we can perform almost any office-based task from any location in the world as long as we have access to the in

让我们面对现实吧，就在不久前，随时随地工作的想法还只是一个遥远的乌托邦梦想的一种形式，而现在我们可以在世界上任何地方执行几乎任何基于办公室的任务，只要我们能够访问in

2017年12月六级真题（第二套）阅读 Section C

六级Once armed with a method for gaining access to iPhones, the government could ask to use it proactively, before a suspected terrorist attack—leaving Apple in a bind as to whether to comply or risk an attack and suffer a public-relations nightmare.

一旦掌握了获取iPhone的方法，政府就可以要求主动使用它，以免一场可疑的恐怖袭击让苹果陷入到底是遵守还是冒着被袭击的风险的困境，并遭受一场公关噩梦。

2017年12月六级真题（第三套）阅读 Section B

六级Open science also offers junior researchers the chance to level the playing field by gaining better access to crucial data.

开放科学还为初级研究人员提供了通过更好地获取关键数据来公平竞争的机会。

2017年12月六级真题（第二套）阅读 Section B

六级Ross Mounce, a postdoc studying evolutionary biology at the University of Cambridge, UK, is a vocal champion of open science, partly because his fossil-based research depends on access to others' data.

Ross Mounce是英国剑桥大学研究进化生物学的博士后，他是开放科学的声乐冠军，部分原因是他的化石研究依赖于他人数据的获取。

2017年12月六级真题（第二套）阅读 Section B

六级since 2013, global scientific bodies have begun to back policies that support increased public access to research.

自2013年以来，全球科学机构开始支持支持增加公众研究机会的政策。

2017年12月六级真题（第二套）阅读 Section B

六级Students are placed in small groups with counselors trained seniors on campus; they have access to cultural and ethnic affinity(联系) groups, tutoring centers and also have a summer orientation specifically for first-generation students.

学生被分成小组，辅导员在校园里培训高年级学生；他们有机会获得文化和种族亲和力(联系) 团体、辅导中心和学校也有专门针对第一代学生的暑期培训。

2015年12月六级真题（第三套）阅读 Section B

六级Such findings, he says, suggest that "this network can be called on to process and store the kind of information taught in school—potentially giving students access to a range of untapped mental powers".

他说，这些发现表明，“可以利用这个网络来处理和存储在学校里教授的信息，这有可能让学生获得一系列尚未开发的智力。”。

2018年6月六级真题(第二套)阅读 Section B

六级The startup's product, SentabTV, enables older adults who may not be comfortable with computers to access email, video chat and social media using just their televisions and a remote control.

这家初创公司的产品SentabTV使那些可能不习惯使用电脑的老年人能够通过电视和遥控器访问电子邮件、视频聊天和社交媒体。

2019年6月六级真题（第一套）阅读 Section C

六级They also do not have access to quality health care or other prerequisites for upward social mobility.

他们也无法获得高质量的医疗服务或其他向上社会流动的先决条件。

2017年6月六级真题（第一套）听力 Section C

六级They can meet their basic needs, but they lack access to cultural goods, entertainment and recreation.

他们可以满足基本需求，但缺乏文化产品、娱乐和娱乐。

2017年6月六级真题（第一套）听力 Section C

六级They improve access to pre-birth care and encourage exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of a child's life.

它们改善了获得产前护理的机会，并鼓励在儿童生命的前六个月内进行纯母乳喂养。

2015年12月六级真题（第一套）听力 Section C

六级Thus, while printing enormously increased access to books by making cheap, high-volume production possible, it also reduced choice.

因此，尽管印刷通过使廉价、大批量的生产成为可能，极大地增加了人们获取书籍的机会，但它也减少了人们的选择。

2017年12月六级真题（第一套）听力 Section B

六级Today's battery breakthroughs come as the world looks to expand modern energy access to the billion or so people without it, while also cutting back on fuels that warm the planet.

今天的电池突破是在全世界都在寻求将现代能源的使用范围扩大到十几亿没有电池的人的时候出现的，同时也在减少使地球变暖的燃料。

2016年12月六级真题（第一套）阅读 Section C

考研When we don't understand the value of mental health and we don't know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us.

当我们不了解心理健康的价值，也不知道如何获得它时，心理健康就会对我们隐藏起来。

2016年考研翻译原文

考研The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week ( ' , CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute.

该章程的主要执行工具是拒绝设计师和模特机构参加哥本哈根时装周（CFW），该时装周由丹麦时装研究所主办。

2016年考研阅读原文

考研Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy.

相反，官员们必须避免双重标准，或普通人和富人的不同访问方式。

2017年考研阅读原文

考研Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.

法官们发现，仅仅帮助送礼者接触其他官员，除非是出于对这些官员施加压力的明确意图，否则这不是腐败。

2017年考研阅读原文

考研Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption.

在官方渠道上的偏袒会助长公众对腐败的看法。

2017年考研阅读原文

考研But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government.

但这项裁决强化了公民及其民选代表（而非法院）确保平等进入政府的必要性。

2017年考研阅读原文

考研Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents'monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's.

批评家们对基因专利提出了三个主要论点：基因是自然的产物，所以它可能没有专利；基因专利抑制创新而不是奖励创新；专利的垄断限制了像Myriad这样的基因检测。

2012年考研真题（英语二）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ

考研In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.

在英国，开放获取出版的趋势是由资助机构推动的。

2020年考研真题（英语一）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ

考研More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general rel

现在，英国一半以上的科研成果都是以开放获取的方式发表的：要么从发表之日起免费提供，要么支付一年或更长时间的费用，以便出版商在进入general rel之前获利

2020年考研真题（英语一）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ

考研The charter's main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week, which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute.

该宪章的主要执行工具是拒绝设计师和模特机构参加哥本哈根时装周，该时装周由丹麦时装研究所举办。

2016年考研真题（英语一）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ

考研The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly f

荷兰巨头爱思唯尔（Elsevier）声称发表了世界上25%的科学论文，去年盈利超过9亿英镑，而仅英国大学在2016年就花了2.1亿英镑让研究人员能够公开发表论文

2020年考研真题（英语一）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ

考研The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015.

最激烈、也是最非法的反应是Sci Hub的出现。Sci Hub是一种全球科学论文影印机，成立于2012年，现在它声称可以访问自2015年以来发表的每一篇付费文章。

2020年考研真题（英语一）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ