n.拓扑结构，构相

In topology, a space is compact if every open cover has a finite subcover.
在拓扑学中，如果每一个开覆盖都有一个有限子覆盖，则称为空间是紧致的。
The fundamental group of a topological space is a mathematical tool used to study the structure of the space.
拓扑空间的基本群是一个用于研究空间结构的数学工具。
Topology can be used to model and analyze complex systems in various fields such as physics, biology, and computer science.
拓扑学可以用于建模和分析物理学、生物学和计算机科学等各个领域中的复杂系统。
A homeomorphism is a continuous function between two topological spaces that has a continuous inverse function.
同胚是一种在两个拓扑空间之间连续的函数，它有一个连续的逆函数。
In topology, a manifold is a topological space that looks locally like Euclidean space.
在拓扑学中，流形是一个局部看起来像欧式空间的拓扑空间。
The concept of continuity in topology is defined using open sets.
拓扑学中的连续性概念是使用开集来定义的。
Homology groups provide a way to study topological spaces by associating algebraic objects with them.
同调群提供了一种通过关联代数对象来研究拓扑空间的方法。
The Brouwer fixed-point theorem states that any continuous function from a closed ball in n-dimensional Euclidean space to itself has a fixed point.
布劳威尔不动点定理指出，任何将n维欧几里得空间中的闭球映射到自身的连续函数都存在不动点。
Topology is concerned with the properties of geometric shapes that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching or bending, but not tearing or gluing.
拓扑学关注的是几何形状的性质，在连续变形下保持不变，如拉伸或弯曲，但不包括撕裂或粘合。
The concept of a limit point in topology is used to define concepts such as closure, interior, and boundary of a set.
拓扑学中的极限点的概念被用来定义集合的闭包、内部和边界等概念。