n.特殊神宠论，完全忠于某个党（或某宗派、某种制度等）；专一主义；排他主义，允许各州（或各邦、各成员）在不顾整体利益的情况下独立进行管理的政策

Particularism in cultural studies emphasizes the unique characteristics of individual societies and cultures.
文化研究中的特殊主义强调个别社会和文化的独特特性。
In sociology, particularism suggests that social rules and norms may vary greatly between different communities.
在社会学中，特殊主义指出社会规则和规范在不同的社区之间可能有很大的差异。
Ethnocentric particularism can lead to prejudice and discrimination against other ethnic groups.
种族中心的特殊主义可能导致对其他种族群体的偏见和歧视。
The concept of legal particularism is evident in countries where laws are heavily influenced by local customs and traditions.
法律特殊主义的概念在那些法律受到当地习俗和传统严重影响的国家中表现得尤为明显。
Economic particularism can be seen when firms prioritize local suppliers over foreign competitors.
当企业优先考虑本土供应商而非外国竞争者时，可以看到经济特殊主义的表现。
In international relations, some countries practice particularism by prioritizing their national interests above universal principles or global cooperation.
在国际关系中，有些国家实行特殊主义，将本国利益置于普遍原则或全球合作之上。
Art critics often exhibit aesthetic particularism, appreciating works for their idiosyncratic qualities rather than universal standards.
艺术评论家常常表现出审美特殊主义，他们欣赏作品的独特个性特质而非普世标准。
In educational policy, particularism might manifest as the promotion of indigenous knowledge systems alongside Western curricula.
在教育政策上，特殊主义可能表现为与西式课程并行推广本土知识体系。
Conservative political parties often embrace cultural particularism, advocating for preservation of traditional values and identity.
保守派政党经常拥抱文化特殊主义，主张保护传统价值观和身份认同。
Some philosophers argue that moral particularism challenges the notion of universal moral rules, suggesting instead that ethical judgments must be made on a case-by-case basis.
一些哲学家认为道德特殊主义挑战了普适道德法则的概念，而提出伦理判断应当逐案进行。