六级Direct subsidies to research and development have been adopted by some governments but are a poor substitute for a carbon price: they do only part of the job, leaving in place market incentives to over-use fossil fuels and thereby add to the stock of atmospheric greenhouse gases without regard to the collateral ( ' , 附带的) costs.

一些政府已经采取了对研发的直接补贴，但这并不能很好地替代碳价格：它们只做了部分工作，留下了过度使用化石燃料的市场激励，从而在不考虑抵押品的情况下增加了大气温室气体存量（“，附带的) 成本。

2017年6月阅读原文

六级Direct subsidies to research and development have been adopted by some governments but are a poor substitute for a carbon price: they do only part of the job, leaving in place market incentives to over-use fossil fuels and thereby add to the stock of atmo

一些政府已经采取了对研发的直接补贴，但这并不能很好地替代碳价格：它们只做了部分工作，留下了过度使用化石燃料的市场激励，从而增加了atmo的存量

2017年6月六级真题（第一套）阅读 Section B

六级In addition, other factors are putting downward pressure on oil prices: change in the strategic behavior of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the projected increase in Iranian exports, the scaling-down of global demand ( ' , especially from emerging markets), the long-term drop in petroleum consumption in the United States, and some displacement of oil by substitutes.

此外，其他因素也在给油价带来下行压力：石油输出国组织（OPEC）战略行为的变化、伊朗出口的预计增长、全球需求（尤其是新兴市场需求）的缩减、美国石油消费的长期下降、，以及一些替代品的驱油。

2017年6月阅读原文

六级When considering the amount of insurance for the mother with dependent children, substitute child care is a need that should be planned for until the children can care for themselves.

在考虑有受抚养子女的母亲的保险金额时，应计划替代儿童保育，直到子女能够照顾自己。

2017年12月六级真题（第二套）听力 Section C

六级Unfortunately, the current low prices for oil, gas, and coal may provide little incentive for research to find even cheaper substitutes for those fuels.

不幸的是，目前石油、天然气和煤炭的低价格可能无法激励研究寻找更便宜的替代燃料。

2017年6月阅读原文

四级The fact that participants were willing to substitute part of a food item for the mere prospect of a relatively small monetary award is interesting, says Reimann.

Reimann说，参与者愿意用食物的一部分来代替相对较少的奖金，这一事实很有趣。

2016年12月阅读原文

四级"The fact that participants were willing to substitute part of a food item for the mere prospect of a relatively small monetary award is interesting," says Reimann.

Reimann说：“参与者愿意用食物的一部分来代替相对较少的奖金，这一事实很有趣。”。

2016年12月四级真题（第三套）阅读 Section C

高考Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it's all but impossible to find natural substitutes.

不幸的是，你必须随身携带必要的设备，因为要找到天然的替代品几乎是不可能的。

2017年高考英语全国卷1 阅读理解 阅读D 原文

考研Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.

忠实的音乐会观众回答说录音不能代替现场表演，他们没有抓住要点。

2011年考研阅读原文

高考If we substitute a number for each letter, the message "meet me" would read 13 5 5 20 13 5.

如果我们用一个数字代替每封信，信息“meet me”将改为13 5 5 20 13 5。

2016年高考英语全国卷1 阅读理解 七选五 原文

六级The number of smokers has dropped more sharply than in the U The sales of tobacco substitutes have increased considerably.

吸烟者的数量比美国下降得更厉害

2016年12月六级（第二套）真题

四级Maybe each computer should come with the warning: for all the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.

也许每台计算机都应该有一个警告：尽管这台计算机可以提供所有帮助，但它不应该被视为基本思维和推理技能的替代品。

1989年1月英语四级真题

四级There is no acceptable substitute for competition and examination of quality.

竞争和质量检查是无可替代的。

1991年1月英语四级真题

四级The concept of “environment” is certainly difficult and may even be misunderstood; but we have no handy substitute.

“环境”的概念当然很难理解，甚至可能被误解；但我们没有方便的替代品。

1996年1月大学英语四级(CET-4)真题

四级“The fact that participants were willing to substitute part of a food item for the mere prospect of a relatively small monetary award is interesting,” says Reimann.

Reimann说：“参与者愿意用一部分食物来代替一个相对较小的金钱奖励，这一事实很有趣。”。

2016年12月大学英语四级真题（第3套）

考研In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought.

在与一些科学家，特别是年轻的科学家交谈时，你可能会得到这样的印象，即他们发现“科学方法”可以代替想象思维。

1999年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题