四级This, in turn, has a major effect on their diet, leading scientists to speculate that the ability to learn population-specific hunting methods could be driving the animals' genetic development.

这反过来又对它们的饮食产生重大影响，导致科学家推测，学习特定群体狩猎方法的能力可能会推动这些动物的基因发育。

2019年6月四级真题（第二套）阅读 Section A

高考An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about.

流言的一个重要负面影响是它会伤害被谈论的人。

2016年高考英语浙江卷（6月） 阅读理解 阅读A 原文

高考Gossip also can have a third effect: It strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act.

流言蜚语还有第三个作用：它强化了人们应该如何行动的不成文、不成文的规则。

2016年高考英语浙江卷（6月） 阅读理解 阅读A 原文

考研Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call the "above average effect", or "illusory superiority".

社会心理学家已经积累了大量的研究成果，他们称之为“高于平均水平的效应”，或“虚幻的优越感”。

2014年考研真题（英语二）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ

六级They found that early attention skills were the most consistent predictor of academic success, and that likability by peers also had a modest effect on academic performance.

他们发现，早期注意力技能是学业成功最一致的预测因素，同龄人的亲和力对学业成绩也有一定的影响。

2018年12月六级真题（第一套）阅读 Section C

六级There's a stimulative effect that kicks in when women have greater access to jobs and the economic lives of our countries: Greater political stability

当妇女有更多的机会获得工作和我们国家的经济生活时，就会产生一种促进作用：更大的政治稳定

2013年12月阅读原文

四级The effect holds for all causes of death, whether illness, accident or self-harm.

该效应适用于所有死亡原因，无论是疾病、事故还是自残。

2010年12月阅读原文

考研While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.

虽然我们在与他们接触时很容易忽视我们的行为对他们性格的影响，但这并不像与成年人打交道那样容易。

2009年考研翻译原文

考研Instead, the studies ended up giving their name to the Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very act of being experimented upon changed subjects'behavior.

相反，这些研究最终以霍桑效应（Hawthorne effect）命名，霍桑效应是一种极其有影响力的观点，即被实验的行为改变了受试者的行为。

2010年考研真题（英语一）完形填空 Section Ⅰ

六级The effect of policies generating long-term resource concentration has also created a distinctive set of universities which are research-led and commercially active.

产生长期资源集中的政策效应也创造了一批独特的大学，这些大学以研究为主导，商业活动活跃。

2011年12月阅读原文

考研Such active research can have another effect.

这种积极的研究可以产生另一种效果。

2018年考研阅读原文

六级Those trying to address issues of racial inequality need to constantly remind people of the inequalities that still exist to counteract the Obama's effect, she says

她说，那些试图解决种族不平等问题的人需要不断提醒人们仍然存在的不平等，以抵消奥巴马的影响

2010年6月阅读原文

六级A negative side of the Obama effect is that people are now less ready to support policies addressing racial inequality

奥巴马效应的负面影响是，人们现在不太愿意支持解决种族不平等问题的政策

2010年6月阅读原文

六级Meat consumption has an adverse effect on the environment.

肉类消费对环境有不利影响。

2013年6月听力原文

六级This state of mind can have an adverse effect on their judgment.

这种心理状态会对他们的判断产生不利影响。

2012年12月听力原文

六级In weighing the evidence, we can now say with some confidence that pasta does not have an adverse effect on body weight outcomes when it is consumed as part of a healthy dietary pattern.

在权衡证据时，我们现在可以有信心地说，当作为健康饮食模式的一部分食用意大利面时，它不会对体重结果产生不利影响。

2019年6月六级真题（第一套）阅读 Section A

考研Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing.

美学效果来自于景观、新材料和简洁的细节。

2011年考研真题（英语二）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ

高考The researchers call the effect "Enclothed Cognition, " suggesting that all manner of different clothes probably affect our cognition in many different ways.

研究人员称这种效应为“遮盖认知”，表明各种不同的衣服可能以许多不同的方式影响我们的认知。

2017年高考英语浙江卷（11月） 阅读理解 阅读B 原文

四级to see whether people's personality affects their life span to find out if one's lifestyle has any effect on their health to investigate the role of exercise in living a long lifeto examine all the factors contributing to longevity They have a good understanding of evolution.

为了了解人们的性格是否会影响寿命，为了弄清一个人的生活方式是否对他们的健康有任何影响，为了调查运动在长寿中的作用，为了研究所有导致长寿的因素，他们对进化有很好的理解。

2016年6月阅读原文

六级Lingering racism If the Obama effect is positive for African Americans, how is it affecting their white compatriots (同胞)

挥之不去的种族主义如果奥巴马效应对非裔美国人是积极的，那么它如何影响他们的白人同胞呢(同胞)

2010年6月阅读原文

考研In effect, fewer federal funds today are going towards the agency's other work—such as forest conservation, watershed and cultural resources management, and infrastructure upkeep—that affect the lives of all Americans.

事实上，如今越来越少的联邦资金用于该机构的其他工作，如森林保护、流域和文化资源管理以及影响所有美国人生活的基础设施维护。

2017年考研真题（英语二）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ

四级After such an experience an animal often remains passive even when it can effect change—a state they called learned helplessness.

在经历了这样的经历之后，动物往往保持被动，即使它能够影响改变——一种他们称之为习得性无助的状态。

2016年12月阅读原文

四级On the first of January, new regulations will come into effect which eliminate an annual leave bonus for people who put off marrying until the age of 23 for women and 25 for men, the South China Morning Post reports.

据《南华早报》报道，新规定将于1月1日生效，取消对女性推迟到23岁结婚、男性推迟到25岁结婚的人的年假奖金。

2019年6月四级真题（第一套）听力 Section A

四级Psychologists have shown that babies apparently expect their world to comply with the laws of physics and cause and effect as early as two months of age.

心理学家已经表明，婴儿显然希望他们的世界在两个月大的时候就遵守物理定律和因果关系。

2018年12月四级真题（第三套）阅读 Section C

六级Putting in effect the policies in the agreement at once.

立即实施协议中的政策。

2016年12月阅读原文

六级Alcohol may increase the effect of a drug.

酒精可能会增加药物的效果。

2017年12月六级真题（第二套）听力 Section C

考研All of which would, of course, have a positive effect on our happiness levels.

当然，所有这些都会对我们的幸福水平产生积极影响。

2016年考研真题（英语二）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ

高考The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport——an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride- hailing services.

这种便利甚至导致更少的人乘坐公共交通工具——研究人员已经在出租车服务中发现了一种不受欢迎的副作用。

2018年高考英语北京卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文

六级Their work is already starting to reveal how the "Obama effect" is changing people's views and behaviour.

他们的工作已经开始揭示“奥巴马效应”是如何改变人们的观点和行为的。

2010年6月阅读原文

六级The immediate effect of printing was to increase the circulation of works that were already popular in a handwritten form, while less popular works went out of circulation.

印刷的直接效果是增加了已经流行的手写作品的流通量，而不太流行的作品则停止了流通。

2017年12月六级真题（第一套）听力 Section B

高考Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.

特定的气味也有影响：闻到薰衣草香味的就餐者比闻到柠檬味或没有香味的用餐者停留时间更长，花费更多。

2018年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 阅读B 原文

六级The worst possible aspect of the Obama effect is that people could ignore his race altogether and continue to hold on to their old racial stereotypes

奥巴马效应最糟糕的一面是，人们可能完全忽视他的种族，继续坚持他们过去的种族成见

2010年6月阅读原文

六级One main factor that has driven up medical expenses is that doctors are compensated for the amount of care rather than its effect.

推高医疗费用的一个主要因素是，医生得到的是医疗量的补偿，而不是医疗效果的补偿。

2016年6月阅读原文

高考Adam and Galinsky tested the effect of simply wearing a white lab coat on people's powers of attention.

亚当和加林斯基测试了穿白色实验服对人们注意力的影响。

2017年高考英语浙江卷（11月） 阅读理解 阅读B 原文

高考Adam and Galinsky's experiment tested the effect of clothes on their wearers' attention.

亚当和加林斯基的实验测试了衣服对穿着者注意力的影响。

2017年高考英语浙江卷（11月） 阅读理解 阅读B 题设

考研Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.

该机构的副产品只是逐渐被注意到，而且这种影响被认为是该机构行为中的一个指导因素，这一点也只是逐渐被注意到。

2009年考研翻译原文

考研It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.

可以说，衡量任何社会制度价值的标准是其扩大和改进经验的效果；但这一效应并不是其最初动机的一部分。

2009年考研翻译原文

四级The latest in cat research reveals that the lovely animal seems to have a basic grasp on both the laws of physics and the ins and outs of cause and effect.

最新的猫科动物研究表明，这只可爱的动物似乎对物理定律以及因果关系的来龙去脉都有基本的掌握。

2018年12月四级真题（第三套）阅读 Section C

考研In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.

实际上，白宫声称它可能会使它不同意的任何其他合法的州法律无效。

2013年考研阅读原文

考研In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.

实际上，你试图重建任何给定的句子、图像或引用可能具有的含义或效果：这些可能是作者想要的。

2015年考研阅读原文

六级Later working together in London, they laid the foundations of modern physics by showing that normal laws of cause and effect do not apply at the level of subatomic particles.

后来，他们在伦敦合作，通过证明因果的正常规律不适用于亚原子粒子的水平，奠定了现代物理学的基础。

2013年12月听力原文

考研In effect, the approach would create a "walled garden" in cyberspace, with safe"neighbor hoods" and bright "streetlights" to establish a sense of a trusted community.

实际上，这一方法将在网络空间创造一个“围墙花园”，有安全的“邻居防护罩”和明亮的“街灯”，以建立信任社区的感觉。

2011年考研真题（英语二）完形填空 Section Ⅰ

考研It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.

它认为，由于检察官在调查中不消费公司的产品，因此他们只能受到光环效应的影响。

2016年考研阅读原文

高考A successful arts neighborhoods creates a ripple effect (连锁反应) throughout a community.

成功的艺术街区会产生连锁反应(连锁反应) 整个社区。

2018年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 填空题 原文

高考Arts have a gradually spreading effect.

艺术具有逐渐传播的效果。

2018年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 填空题 原文

四级Such personality characteristics as self-discipline have no effect on longevity.

自律等人格特征对长寿没有影响。

2016年6月阅读原文

六级Get a bottom 1% teacher, and the effect is the same as if a child misses 40% of the school year.

得到一个最低的1%的老师，其效果就如同一个孩子错过了40%的学年。

2016年6月阅读原文

考研The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such.

无家可归者的花园实际上是无家可归者的花园，它从一个城市环境中引入，而这个城市环境要么根本不存在，要么根本就看不出来。

2013年考研翻译原文

六级Rather than merely asking about something they wanted to try, they tended to include both cause and effect in their question.

他们倾向于在问题中既包括原因又包括结果，而不仅仅是询问他们想尝试的事情。

2015年12月阅读原文

高考While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.

虽然到目前为止，在不同时间收获的牛奶的效果还没有在人类身上进行测试，但有人建议那些在夜间难以入睡的人服用褪黑素药物。

2016年高考英语四川卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文

四级But what effect does your personality have on your longevity ( ' , 长寿)? Do some kinds of personalities lead to longer lives? A new study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society looked at this question by examining the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be at least 100.

但是你的性格对你的寿命有什么影响呢，长寿)? 某些性格会导致长寿吗？《美国老年医学会杂志》上的一项新研究通过对246名活到至少100岁的儿童的性格特征进行调查，来研究这个问题。

2016年6月阅读原文

六级The carbon that we've put into the atmosphere keeps having a warming effect for 100 years, so we have to cut back rapidly now, because it would take a long time to work its way through into a response by the atmosphere.

我们排放到大气中的碳100年来一直具有变暖效应，因此我们现在必须迅速减少，因为它需要很长时间才能转化为大气的反应。

2016年6月六级真题（第一套）听力 Section C

六级To reduce or avoid it, researchers have examined the effect of smoking, diet, brain-challenging games, exercise and other strategies.

为了减少或避免吸烟，研究人员研究了吸烟、饮食、挑战大脑的游戏、锻炼和其他策略的影响。

2016年6月听力原文

四级He quotes Google co-founder Larry Page to the effect that the perfect search engine will understand exactly what I mean and give me back exactly what I want.

他引用谷歌联合创始人拉里·佩奇（Larry Page）的话，大意是完美的搜索引擎会准确理解我的意思，并给出我想要的东西。

2017年12月四级真题（第二套）阅读 Section B

六级To enhance the effect of background music

增强背景音乐的效果

2013年12月听力原文

考研Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies.

它也没有揭示企业在决定行善政策时，有多大程度上依赖光环效应，而不是其他可能的好处。

2016年考研阅读原文

六级More than paradise lost, a perishing rain forest could trigger a domino effect - sending winds and rains kilometers off course and loading the skies with even greater levels of greenhouse gases - that will be felt far beyond the Amazon basin.

与《失乐园》相比，正在消亡的热带雨林更可能引发多米诺骨牌效应——将风和雨吹离航道数公里，并给天空带来更高水平的温室气体——这一效应将在亚马逊流域以外的地方感受到。

2013年6月阅读原文

考研If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.

如果人类在认识到每一个机构的最终价值都是其独特的人类效应方面取得了一些进展，那么我们很可能相信，这一教训主要是通过与年轻人打交道而获得的。

2009年考研翻译原文

四级That people often experience trouble sleeping in a different bed in unfamiliar surroundings is a phenomenon known as the "first-night" effect.

人们在不熟悉的环境中经常遇到在不同的床上睡觉的困难，这是一种被称为“第一晚”效应的现象。

2017年12月四级真题（第一套）阅读 Section C

高考The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being"captured"by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms.

这种效应如此强大，以至于科学家们说鸣禽和海鸟被陆地上的探照灯或海洋石油平台上的天然气照明“捕获”。

2015年高考英语浙江卷 阅读理解 阅读C 原文

六级The researchers believe this is the first time that the "first night- effect" of different brain states has been identified in humans.

研究人员认为，这是人类首次发现不同大脑状态的“第一夜效应”。

2017年6月六级真题（第三套）阅读 Section A

考研Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer.

尽管几家快速时尚公司已经努力遏制其对劳动力和环境的影响——包括H&M，其绿色环保系列——克莱恩认为，持久的变化只能由客户来影响。

2013年考研阅读原文

考研People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come down with a cold, and the researchers calculated that the stress-reducing effects of hugging explained about 32 percent of that beneficial effect.

感知到更多社会支持的人患感冒的可能性较小，研究人员计算，拥抱的减压效果解释了大约32%的有益效果。

2017年考研真题（英语一）完形填空 Section Ⅰ

高考They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones, and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.

它们需要比较小的承诺更大的承诺，并且它们对空间的感觉有更强大的影响。

2018年高考英语全国卷I 阅读理解 七选五 原文

六级Even so, the shift in the centre of gravity to older age groups is bound to have a profound effect on societies, not just economically and politically but in all sorts of other ways too.

即便如此，重心向老年群体的转移必将对社会产生深远的影响，不仅在经济和政治上，而且在各种其他方面。

2010年12月阅读原文

考研Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.

科学家们带着一些明显不可靠的证据跳出来营救，大意是如果鸟类不能控制昆虫，昆虫会吃掉我们。

2010年考研翻译原文

六级Protecting the union demand sacrifices those students, in effect turning a blind eye to the injustice in the education system.

保护工会的要求牺牲了这些学生，实际上对教育系统中的不公正现象视而不见。

2016年6月阅读原文

高考These hormones also have a positive effect on the heart and blood flow.

这些激素对心脏和血液流动也有积极的影响。

2016年高考英语四川卷 阅读理解 七选五 原文

四级A few minutes later, the pressured strokes started to produce a relieving effect and my body and mind began to sink deeper into relaxation.

几分钟后，有压力的中风开始产生缓解效果，我的身体和思想开始深入放松。

2018年12月四级真题（第三套）阅读 Section A

四级But in a new study, researchers demonstrated for the first time how this effect occurs in the brain.

但在一项新的研究中，研究人员首次证明了这种效应是如何在大脑中发生的。

2017年6月阅读原文

高考Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself.

也许第一株植物只是发出痛苦的叫声，或是向它自己的枝干发送信息，所以，实际上，它是在自言自语。

2017年高考英语全国卷2 阅读理解 阅读D 原文

四级Yuka Sasaki and her colleagues at Brown University set out to investigate the origins of this effect.

佐佐木由香和她在布朗大学的同事们着手研究这种效应的起源。

2017年12月四级真题（第一套）阅读 Section C

四级In effect, our plan is the new security budget.

实际上，我们的计划是新的安全预算。

2016年6月阅读原文

六级But its surface has been cooked and dried by an ocean of carbon dioxide, trapped in the burning death grip of a runaway greenhouse effect.

但它的表面已经被一片二氧化碳海洋煮熟和干燥，被失控的温室效应所吞噬。

2019年6月六级真题（第二套）听力 Section C

高考An important negative effect of gossip is that it causes unpleasant experiences.

流言蜚语的一个重要负面影响是它会导致不愉快的经历。

2016年高考英语浙江卷（6月） 阅读理解 阅读A 题设

六级That is, the drug may cause some effect other than its intended one.

也就是说，该药物可能会产生一些与预期效果不同的效果。

2017年12月六级真题（第二套）听力 Section C

考研The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up – perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change.

能源变化的步伐似乎正在加快——也许正好及时对减缓气候变化产生有意义的影响。

2018年考研真题（英语二）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ

考研Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment -- including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line -- Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer.

尽管几家快速时尚公司都在努力遏制其对劳动力和环境的影响，包括H&M，其绿色环保系列，但克莱恩相信，持久的变化只能由客户来影响。

2013年考研真题（英语一）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ

高考Far from charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free users pay, in effect, by handing over yet more data.

这些服务中的许多并不是向消费者收取高昂的价格，而是免费的，实际上，用户通过提供更多的数据来付费。

2017年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 阅读C 原文

六级The death of a small child would have no effect upon the income of the family.

小孩的死亡对家庭收入没有影响。

2017年12月六级真题（第二套）听力 Section C

四级But individual choices have an intense cumulative (累积的) effect.

但个人选择有着强烈的累积效应(累积的) 效果。

2011年12月阅读原文

四级The caffeine—the equivalent of two strong cups of coffee, was sufficient to reverse this effect, with some cyclists even displaying increased eye movement speeds.

咖啡因相当于两杯浓咖啡，足以扭转这种效应，一些骑自行车的人甚至表现出更快的眼球运动速度。

2017年6月四级真题（第三套）阅读 Section A

六级Indeed, the Obama effect can be surprisingly immediate and powerful, as Ray Friedman of Vanderbilt University and his colleagues discovered.

事实上，正如范德比尔特大学的雷·弗里德曼（Ray Friedman）和他的同事们所发现的那样，奥巴马效应可以令人惊讶地迅速而强大。

2010年6月阅读原文

六级Sometimes when you take a common drug, you may have a side effect.

有时，当你服用普通药物时，你可能会有副作用。

2017年12月六级真题（第二套）听力 Section C

考研And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.

第三，通过一种更为分散的“光环效应”，其良好行为赢得了消费者和其他人更多的关注。

2016年考研阅读原文

考研And third, through a more diffuse "halo effect," whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.

第三，通过一种更为分散的“光环效应”，其良好行为赢得了消费者和其他人更多的关注。

2016年考研真题（英语一）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ

考研It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.

它认为，由于检察官在调查中不消费公司的产品，因此他们只能受到光环效应的影响。

2016年考研真题（英语一）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ

六级Meat consumption has an adverse effect on the environment

肉类消费对环境有不利影响

2013年6月听力原文

六级The worst possible aspect of the Obama effect is that people could ignore his race altogether and continue to hold on to their old racial stereotypes.

奥巴马效应最糟糕的一面是，人们可能会完全忽视他的种族，继续坚持旧的种族成见。

2010年6月阅读原文

六级As countries continue setting goals of reducing emissions, greater steps need to be taken to have a noticeable effect on the surrounding environment.

随着各国继续制定减排目标，需要采取更大的措施对周围环境产生显著影响。

2017年12月六级真题（第三套）阅读 Section A

考研The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.

数字服务税目前正在等待总统伊曼纽尔·马克龙（Emmanuel Macron）的签字，他已表示支持这项措施，并可能在未来几周内生效。

2020年考研真题（英语一）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ

高考When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel parents looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading.

当涉及到技术和阅读时，该报告几乎没有建议家长寻找有关电子阅读器和平板电脑对阅读影响的数据。

2018年高考英语全国卷2 阅读理解 阅读C 原文

四级Schools and prisons with craft programs report that they have a calming effect and enhance social skills.

有手工艺品项目的学校和监狱报告说，它们有镇静作用，提高社交技能。

2017年12月四级真题（第三套）阅读 Section B

四级It may have a negative effect on creative work.

这可能会对创造性工作产生负面影响。

2015年12月阅读原文

六级That could turn out to be the cruellest of all the twists to the Obama effect.

这可能是奥巴马效应所有曲折中最残酷的一次。

2010年6月阅读原文

六级The damaging effect on bio-diversity.

对生物多样性的破坏性影响。

2017年6月阅读原文

六级In fact, when Twenge previously used this data to suggest a screen time effect, some commentators were quick to raise this problem.

事实上，当Twenge之前使用这些数据来表示屏幕时间效应时，一些评论员很快提出了这个问题。

2019年12月六级真题（第一套）阅读 Section B

考研In zones of increased turbulence, the planes' wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish.

在湍流加剧的区域，飞机的尾迹将更快地衰减，影响将减弱。

2010年考研真题（英语二）阅读理解 Section Ⅱ

四级Strangely, it is this last quality that may have the deepest effect on the way people live.

奇怪的是，正是这最后一种品质对人们的生活方式产生了最深刻的影响。

2012年12月阅读原文

四级The effect was first noted in 1858 by William Farr, who wrote that widows and widowers (鳏夫) were at a much higher risk of dying than their married peers.

1858年，威廉·法尔（William Farr）首次注意到这种效应，他写道寡妇和鳏夫(鳏夫) 他们的死亡风险比已婚同龄人高得多。

2010年12月阅读原文